The family was well-to-do, cultured, but not revolutionary. His father was a lawyer, a Jew, who in 1824 adopted Protestantism. “ Marx, Karl, was born on (New Style), in the city of Trier (Rhenish Prussia). Some of his and Engels’ most famous writings, which collectively fill more than 50 volumes, include the Communist Manifesto, the Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, The German Ideology, the Grundrisse, The Civil War in France, The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, and Capital.īelow is a selection from a biographical sketch of Marx written by Vladimir Lenin in 1914 for a popular Russian encyclopedia. Marx wrote, in collaboration with Frederick Engels, a vast array of works on questions ranging from problems of philosophy, to the political economy of modern capitalism, to the struggles of the modern workers’ movement, and beyond. The changes in the economic foundation lead sooner or later to the transformation of the whole immense superstructure.” From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or - this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms - with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness. ![]() The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. “In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. In 1859, in his Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Marx summarized his theory of society in the following famous quote: Marx’s philosophical world outlook - known as historical materialism - integrates insights from Hegelian dialectics, French socialism, and British political economy. ![]() Over the course of his life’s work, he developed and elaborated the theoretical and programmatic foundations of the socialist workers’ movement. Karl Marx (1818-1883) was the founder of scientific socialism.
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